Human Metapneumovirus: Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment Explained
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) usually presents as a common cold, with symptoms such as cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Most cases resolve at home, but severe infections can lead to complications such as pneumonia. Learn about its causes, prevention, and when to seek medical care for HMPV.
What Is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a virus that causes most people to present with cold-like symptoms, which include coughing, fever, and sore throat. It affects the upper respiratory system but may become more severe in the form of pneumonia in young children, older adults, and immunocompromised persons. HMPV is extremely common, as most people get infected before five years of age. Reinfections can occur, but they are generally less severe.
HMPV: Is It Just a Common Cold?
HMPV is often similar to a cold, but it can cause serious respiratory problems, especially during the first infection. Young children, adults over 65, and people with breathing disorders or weakened immune systems are at higher risk. Unlike the common cold, HMPV may cause complications such as asthma flare-ups or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations.
How Common Is HMPV?
HMPV is responsible for 10%–12% of respiratory illnesses in children, with around 5%–16% progressing to lower respiratory tract infections like pneumonia. It is most common during winter and early spring.
Symptoms of HMPV
Common symptoms of HMPV include:
Cough.
Fever.
Runny or congested nose.
Sore throat.
Wheezing or difficulty breathing.
Skin rash (rare).
Causes and Transmission
HMPV, a member of the Pneumovirus genus, spreads through:
Close contact with infected individuals (coughing, sneezing, kissing).
Touching contaminated surfaces like door handles or toys.
Sharing utensils or personal items.
Risk Factors for Severe Illness
More susceptible populations include:
Infants and children less than 5 years old.
Adults older than 65 years.
People with immunocompromised conditions or chronic respiratory disease, such as asthma or COPD.
Possible Complications
HMPV can cause the following complications in severe cases:
Bronchitis or bronchiolitis.
Pneumonia.
Asthma or COPD exacerbations.
Ear infections (otitis media).
Diagnosis
HMPV is mostly diagnosed by clinical presentation and history. For more serious cases, examination can be done with nasal or throat swab, chest X-ray, or bronchoscopy
Treatment
There is no antiviral medicine for HMPV. Treatment basically revolves around the alleviation of symptoms as listed below,
Home
Drink fluids, rest, and over the counter medications (children should consult a pediatrician)
Hospital care
Hospital care is required for oxygen therapy, intravenous fluid and corticosteroid in severe cases.
HMPV is a viral infection and therefore antibiotics do not work on it. Secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, may require antibiotics.
Prevention Tips
Wash your hands frequently with soap or hand sanitizer.
Use your elbow to cover your mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing.
Avoid close contact with the sick.
Use masks if symptomatic and in public places.
Do not share utensils or drinks.
Outlook and Prognosis
Mild HMPV cases resolve within a week, though lingering coughs may persist. Severe infections take longer to recover and might require hospitalization. Consult a healthcare provider if symptoms worsen or last longer than expected.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Visit the ER if you or your child experiences:
High fever (above 103°F or 40°C).
Difficulty breathing or bluish skin.
Persistent or worsening symptoms.
Stay informed and proactive about respiratory illnesses like HMPV to ensure timely care and recovery.
